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Diabetes

Diabeis Sugar and its species

Diabetic sugar is a disease of the endocrine system associated with pathological changes in the hormonal background and malnutrition of metabolic processes.

To date, the disease is not subject to liquidation (complete liquidation).It is possible to slow down the destructive process in the body through medicines and diet therapy, but it is impossible to stop it and start in the opposite direction.

The main symptom of the disease is a chronic increase in blood glucose.The causes and nature of the course of the disease differ, so it is divided into several species.

Diabetes (SD) types are determined by the World Health Organization and have no major differences throughout the medical world.Diabetes of any type is not applied to infectious diseases.

Determination of pathology

There are several types of disease united by one major sign - an increased concentration of glucose in the blood.The typification of diabetes is due to the causes of its occurrence.The methods of therapy, gender and age of the patient are also occurring.

Types of diabetes adopted in medicine:

  • The first type is dependent on insulin (ISD 1) or youth;
  • The second is insulin -dependent (INZSD 2) or insulin -resistant;
  • Diabetes gestational sugar (HSD) in the perinatal period in women;
  • Other specific types of diabetes, including:
  • damage to the β-cells of the pancreas at the genetic level (a variety of diabetes diabetes);
  • pathologies of the function of lengthening of the pancreas;
  • hereditary and acquired pathologies of the glands of external secretion and their functions (endocrinopathy);
  • pharmacologically caused by diabetes;
  • diabetes as a result of congenital infections;
  • SD related to genomic pathologies and hereditary defects;
  • Disruption of glycemia (blood sugar) on an empty stomach and impaired glucose tolerance.

Preliminary dibeta is a borderline condition of the body when the glycemia level changes to increase (glucose tolerance is impaired), but blood sugar indicators "do not" do not reach "generally accepted digital values corresponding to true diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO 2014), more than 90% of patients with an endocrinologist suffer from the second type of disease.

According to medical statistics, the tendency to increase the number of sick people is clearly traced around the world.In the last 20 years, the number of type 2 diabetics has doubled.GSD represents about 5% of pregnancy.Specific diabetes are extremely rare and occupy a small percentage in medical statistics.

With regard to the sexual affiliation of the INZSD 2, it is more common in women in the preliminary period and during menopause.This is due to a change in hormonal status and a set of extra pounds.In men, the development factor of type 2 diabetes is most often chronic inflammation of the pancreas due to the toxic effects of ethanol.

Insulin -dependent diabetes (1 type)

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the inability of pancreatic cells.The organ does not perform its endocrine (inside -regional) function for the production of insulin - a hormone responsible for supplying the body with glucose.As a result of the accumulation of glucose in the blood, the organs do not receive full nutrition, including the pancreas itself.

To simulate the natural production of endocrine hormone, the patient is prescribed by injections of medical insulins with various temporary prolonged (short and long), as well as diet therapy.The classification of diabetes of the first type is dictated by different etiology of the disease.Insulin -the dependent type of disease has two causes: genetic and autoimmune.

Genetic cause

The formation of the pathology is related to the biological characteristics of the human body to convey its characteristic characteristics and pathological abnormalities to the next generations.In terms of diabetes, the child inherits the predisposition to the disease by parents or close relatives suffering from diabetes.

Important!The predisposition is inherited, but not the disease itself.100% guarantee for the development of diabetes has no child.

Autoimmune

The onset of the disease is due to the functional failure of the immune system, when, under the influence of negative factors, it actively produces autoimmune antibodies that destroy body cells.Triggers (impetus) are used to launch autoimmune processes:

  • unhealthy behavior of food, combined with hypodynamia;
  • metabolic failure (carbohydrates, lipid and protein);
  • Critical deficiency in the body of choletalciferol and ergocalciferol (vitamins of group D);
  • Pancreatic pathology of chronic nature;
  • The presence of epidemic mumps (pigs), measles, herpes coxaki virus, Epstein-Bara virus, cytomegalovirus, viral hepatitis A, B, C;
  • distress (prolonged stay in a state of neuropsychological stress);
  • chronic alcoholism;
  • Incorrect treatment with medical drugs containing hormone.

ISSD is formed in children, adolescents and adults who are not thirty.The child version of the development of diabetes form 1a is associated with complex viral infections.Form 1b is found in young people and children against the background of autoimmune processes and hereditary predisposition.The disease generally develops in a forced regime for several weeks or months.

Insulin -Resistant Diabetes (Type 2)

The difference between the second type of diabetes mellitus and the first is that the pancreas does not stop the synthesis of insulin.Glucose is concentrated in the blood and is not supplied to the cells and tissues of the body due to the lack of sensitivity to insulin - insulin resistance.Up to some point, treatment is performed by hypoglycemic (lower) drugs and dietary therapy.

To compensate for the imbalance in the body, the pancreas activates the production of the hormone.By working in emergency mode, the organ is worn over time and loses internal regional function.Type 2 diabetes goes into insulin -dependent form.Reducing or loss of cell sensitivity to endogenous hormone is mainly associated with obesity, in which the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates is impaired.

This is especially true for visceral obesity (fat deposition around internal organs).In addition, with excess body weight, blood flow is difficult due to multiple cholesterol plaques inside the vessels that are formed with hypercholysterinemia, which always accompanies obesity.In this way, the cells of the body experience a lack of nutrition and energy resources.Other factors affecting the development of INZSD include:

  • alcohol abuse;
  • Gastronomic dependence on sweet dishes;
  • Chronic pancreatic diseases;
  • Pathologies of the heart and vascular system;
  • immodesty in food against the background of a sedentary lifestyle;
  • Improper hormonal therapy;
  • complex pregnancy;
  • dysfunctional heredity (diabetes in parents);
  • Distress.

Most often, the disease develops in women and men in the age category 40+.In this case, diabetes of the second type is latent in nature and may not indicate pronounced symptoms for several years.Timely blood glucose testing can be found before -Antibet.With adequate therapy, the anti -abetic condition is reversible.If time is lost, progresses and subsequently diagnoses INZSD.

Lada diabetes

In medicine is the term "diabetes 1.5" or the name LADA diabetes.This is an autoimmune disorder of the production of hormones and a malfunction of the metabolism processes that occur in adults (aged 25+).The disease combines the first and second diabetes varieties.The development mechanism corresponds to ISD, latent course and symptoms are similar to INZSD.

The triggers for the development of pathology are autoimmune diseases in the history of the patient:

  • non -infectious inflammation of the intervertebral joints (ankylosing spondylitis);
  • Irreversible disease of the central nervous system - multiple sclerosis;
  • Granulomatous inflammatory pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (Crohn's disease);
  • chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland (hashimoto thyroiditis);
  • Youth and rheumatoid arthritis;
  • change in color (loss of pigment) of the skin (vitiligo);
  • inflammatory pathology of the mucous membrane of the colon (ulcerative colitis);
  • Chronic damage to the connective tissue and glands of external secretion (Shegren syndrome).

In combination with hereditary predisposition, autoimmune disorders lead to the progression of lada-diabetes.Basic diagnostic methods are used to identify the disease, as well as a blood microscopy, which determines the concentration of IgG class immunoglobulins to antigens -ifs (immuno -function analysis).Therapy is performed by regular injections with insulin and nutrition adjustment.

Gestational form of the disease

GSD is a specific type of diabetes that develops in women during the second half of the perinatal period.The disease is most often detected during a second planned screening when the expectant mother undergoes a full examination.The main characteristic of GSD coincides with type 2 diabetes - this is insulin resistance.Body cells of a pregnant woman lose a relationship (sensitivity) to insulin due to the correlation of three main reasons:

  • Hormonal restructuring.During the gestation period, the synthesis of progesterone (steroid sex hormone) that blocks the production of insulin increases.Plus, placental endocrine hormones are gaining power that has the ability to inhibit insulin production.
  • Double the load of the female body.In order to provide full nutrition to the unborn child, the body requires an increased amount of glucose.A woman begins to use more monosaccharides, forcing the pancreas to synthesize more insulin.
  • Increasing body weight against reducing physical activity.Glucose, which has been abundant in the body, accumulates in the blood as the cells refuse to perceive insulin due to obesity and hypody.The expectant mother and fruits in such a situation have a shortage of nutrients and energy hunger.

Unlike the first and second type, gestational diabetes is a reversible process as the insulin molecules and the functional capabilities of the pancreas are preserved.

Properly chosen therapeutic tactics guarantees the removal of pathology after delivery in 85% of cases.The main method of treating GDC is a diet for diabetics "Table 9".In difficult cases, medical insulin injections are used.Sahabro medicines are not used because of their teratogenic effects on the fetus.

Besides

Specific types of diabetes are determined genetically (Modiabetes, some types of endocrinopathy) or provoked by other chronic pathologies:

  • Pancreatic diseases: pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, tumor, cystic fibrosis, mechanical injuries and gland surgery;
  • Functional damage to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (acromegaly);
  • increased synthesis of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis);
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-disruption (ICECO outburst syndrome);
  • Adrenal cortex tumors (aldoster, pheochromocytoma, etc.).

Separate diabetic pathology - Diabetes, which is not chagal, is characterized by a decrease in the production of the hormone of the hypothalamus of vasopressin, which regulates the balance of fluid in the body.

Diagnostic measures

The diagnosis of diagnosis of diabetes (any type) is only possible on the basis of the results of the laboratory microscopy of the blood.The diagnosis consists of several successive studies:

  • A common clinical blood test to identify hidden inflammatory processes in the body.
  • Blood test (capillary or venous) for glucose content.It is produced strictly on an empty stomach.
  • GTT (glucose -tolerance test).It is performed to determine the body's ability to absorb glucose.The tolerance test is a two -time blood fence: on an empty stomach and two hours after the "glucostostrool load", whose role is a water solution of glucose prepared in a ratio of 200 ml of 75 grams.Substances.
  • HBA1C analysis to the level of glycosylated (glycated) hemoglobin.Based on the results of the study, the retrospective of blood sugar has been evaluated in the last three months.
  • Blood biochemistry.The indicators for the hepatic enzymes of aspartiaminotransferase (AST), alanine organis (ALT), alpha-amylase, alkaline phosphatase (SCF), bile pigment, cholesterol levels.
  • Blood test for antibodies to glutamatearboxylase (GAD antibodies) determines the type of diabetes.

Reference values of blood sugar and illness indicators

Analysis Sugar Glucotolerant test Hemoglobin
Norm 3.3 - 5.5 <7.8 ⩽ 6%
Prediabet 5.6 - 6.9 7.8 - 11.0 from 6 to 6.4%
diabetes >7.1 >11.1 More than 6.5%

In addition to blood microscopy, a general urine analysis is examined for the presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria).In healthy people there is no sugar in the urine (for diabetics, 0.061 - 0.083 mmol/l is considered to be the permissible rate).The Referega sample is also carried out to identify albumin protein in urine and protein exchange of creatinine.In addition, hardware diagnostics are prescribed, including ECG (electrocardiogram) and ultrasound of the abdominal cavity (with kidneys).

Results

Modern medicine classifies diabetes according to four main types, depending on the pathogenesis (origin and development) of the disease: insulin dependent (type 1), insulin -dependent (Inzsd 2), gestational (GSD of pregnant women), specific (diabetes includes several types of disease.Hard diabetes formed in the perinatal period is treatment.The condition of before -diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance) is considered reversible, provided early diagnosis.